SSO Sessions
A ticket-granting cookie is an HTTP cookie set by CAS upon the establishment of a single sign-on session. This cookie maintains login
state for the client, and while it is valid, the client can present it to CAS in lieu of primary credentials.
Services can opt out of single sign-on through the renew parameter or the CAS server may conditionally opt the service out
based on the policies defined for the application in the service registry. See the CAS Protocol for more info.
The cookie value is linked to the active ticket-granting ticket, the remote IP address that initiated the request as well as the user agent that submitted the request. The final cookie value is then encrypted and signed.
These keys MUST be regenerated per your specific environment. Each key is a JSON Web Token with a defined length per the algorithm used for encryption and signing.
In the event that keys are not generated by the deployer, CAS will attempt to auto-generate keys and will output the result for each respected key. The deployer MUST attempt to copy the generated keys over to the appropriate settings in their CAS properties file, specially when running a multi-node CAS deployment. Failure to do so will prevent CAS to appropriate decrypt and encrypt the cookie value and will prevent successful single sign-on.
Actuator Endpoints
The following endpoints are provided by CAS:
Get all single sign-on sessions with the given type. The functionality provided here requires that the underlying ticket registry and store is able to store, maintain and return a collection tickets that represent the single sign-on session. You will not be able to collect and review sessions, if the ticket registry does not have this capability.
Configuration
The following settings and properties are available from the CAS configuration catalog:
cas.tgc.crypto.encryption.key=
The encryption key is a JWT whose length is defined by the encryption key size setting.
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cas.tgc.crypto.signing.key=
The signing key is a JWT whose length is defined by the signing key size setting.
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cas.tgc.allowed-ip-addresses-pattern=
A regular expression pattern that indicates the set of allowed IP addresses, when
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cas.tgc.auto-configure-cookie-path=true
Decide if cookie paths should be automatically configured based on the application context path, when the cookie path is not configured.
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cas.tgc.comment=CAS Cookie
CAS Cookie comment, describes the cookie's usage and purpose.
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cas.tgc.domain=
Cookie domain. Specifies the domain within which this cookie should be presented. The form of the domain name is specified by RFC 2965. A domain name begins with a dot (.foo.com) and means that the cookie is visible to servers in a specified Domain Name System (DNS) zone (for example, www.foo.com, but not a.b.foo.com). By default, cookies are only returned to the server that sent them.
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cas.tgc.http-only=true
true if this cookie contains the HttpOnly attribute. This means that the cookie should not be accessible to scripting engines, like javascript.
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cas.tgc.max-age=-1
The maximum age of the cookie, specified in seconds. By default,
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cas.tgc.name=
Cookie name. Constructs a cookie with a specified name and value. The name must conform to RFC 2965. That means it can contain only ASCII alphanumeric characters and cannot contain commas, semicolons, or white space or begin with a
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cas.tgc.path=
Cookie path. Specifies a path for the cookie to which the client should return the cookie. The cookie is visible to all the pages in the directory you specify, and all the pages in that directory's subdirectories. A cookie's path must include the servlet that set the cookie, for example, /catalog, which makes the cookie visible to all directories on the server under /catalog. Consult RFC 2965 (available on the Internet) for more information on setting path names for cookies.
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cas.tgc.pin-to-session=true
When generating cookie values, determine whether the value should be compounded and signed with the properties of the current session, such as IP address, user-agent, etc.
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cas.tgc.remember-me-max-age=P14D
If remember-me is enabled, specifies the maximum age of the cookie. This settings supports the
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cas.tgc.same-site-policy=
If a cookie is only intended to be accessed in a first party context, the developer has the option to apply one of settings SameSite=None, to designate cookies for cross-site access. When the SameSite=None attribute is present, an additional Secure attribute is used so cross-site cookies can only be accessed over HTTPS connections. Accepted values are:
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cas.tgc.secure=true
True if sending this cookie should be restricted to a secure protocol, or false if the it can be sent using any protocol.
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cas.tgc.crypto.alg=
The signing/encryption algorithm to use.
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cas.tgc.crypto.enabled=true
Whether crypto operations are enabled.
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cas.tgc.crypto.encryption.key-size=512
The encryption key size.
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cas.tgc.crypto.signing.key-size=512
The signing key size.
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cas.tgc.crypto.strategy-type=ENCRYPT_AND_SIGN
Control the cipher sequence of operations. The accepted values are:
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cas.ticket.tgt.core.max-length=50
Maximum length of tickets.
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cas.ticket.tgt.core.only-track-most-recent-session=true
Flag to control whether to track most recent SSO sessions. As multiple tickets may be issued for the same application, this impacts how session information is tracked for every ticket which then has a subsequent impact on logout.
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cas.tgc.crypto.encryption.key=
The encryption key is a JWT whose length is defined by the encryption key size setting.
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cas.tgc.crypto.signing.key=
The signing key is a JWT whose length is defined by the signing key size setting.
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cas.tgc.crypto.alg=
The signing/encryption algorithm to use.
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cas.tgc.crypto.enabled=true
Whether crypto operations are enabled.
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cas.tgc.crypto.encryption.key-size=512
The encryption key size.
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cas.tgc.crypto.signing.key-size=512
The signing key size.
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cas.tgc.crypto.strategy-type=ENCRYPT_AND_SIGN
Control the cipher sequence of operations. The accepted values are:
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This CAS feature is able to accept signing and encryption crypto keys. In most scenarios if keys are not provided, CAS will auto-generate them. The following instructions apply if you wish to manually and beforehand create the signing and encryption keys.
Note that if you are asked to create a JWK of a certain size for the key, you are to use the following set of commands to generate the token:
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wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apereo/cas/master/etc/jwk-gen.jar
java -jar jwk-gen.jar -t oct -s [size]
The outcome would be similar to:
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{
"kty": "oct",
"kid": "...",
"k": "..."
}
The generated value for k needs to be assigned to the relevant CAS settings. Note that keys generated via
the above algorithm are processed by CAS using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm which is a
specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Configuration Metadata
The collection of configuration properties listed in this section are automatically generated from the CAS source and components that contain the actual field definitions, types, descriptions, modules, etc. This metadata may not always be 100% accurate, or could be lacking details and sufficient explanations.
Be Selective
This section is meant as a guide only. Do NOT copy/paste the entire collection of settings into your CAS configuration; rather pick only the properties that you need. Do NOT enable settings unless you are certain of their purpose and do NOT copy settings into your configuration only to keep them as reference. All these ideas lead to upgrade headaches, maintenance nightmares and premature aging.
YAGNI
Note that for nearly ALL use cases, declaring and configuring properties listed here is sufficient. You should NOT have to explicitly massage a CAS XML/Java/etc configuration file to design an authentication handler, create attribute release policies, etc. CAS at runtime will auto-configure all required changes for you. If you are unsure about the meaning of a given CAS setting, do NOT turn it on without hesitation. Review the codebase or better yet, ask questions to clarify the intended behavior.
Naming Convention
Property names can be specified in very relaxed terms. For instance cas.someProperty, cas.some-property, cas.some_property are all valid names. While all
forms are accepted by CAS, there are certain components (in CAS and other frameworks used) whose activation at runtime is conditional on a property value, where
this property is required to have been specified in CAS configuration using kebab case. This is both true for properties that are owned by CAS as well as those
that might be presented to the system via an external library or framework such as Spring Boot, etc.
When possible, properties should be stored in lower-case kebab format, such as cas.property-name=value.
The only possible exception to this rule is when naming actuator endpoints; The name of the
actuator endpoints (i.e. ssoSessions) MUST remain in camelCase mode.
Settings and properties that are controlled by the CAS platform directly always begin with the prefix cas. All other settings are controlled and provided
to CAS via other underlying frameworks and may have their own schemas and syntax. BE CAREFUL with
the distinction. Unrecognized properties are rejected by CAS and/or frameworks upon which CAS depends. This means if you somehow misspell a property definition
or fail to adhere to the dot-notation syntax and such, your setting is entirely refused by CAS and likely the feature it controls will never be activated in the
way you intend.
Validation
Configuration properties are automatically validated on CAS startup to report issues with configuration binding, specially if defined CAS settings cannot be
recognized or validated by the configuration schema. The validation process is on by default and can be skipped on startup using a special system
property SKIP_CONFIG_VALIDATION that should be set to true. Additional validation processes are also handled
via Configuration Metadata and property migrations applied automatically on
startup by Spring Boot and family.
Indexed Settings
CAS settings able to accept multiple values are typically documented with an index, such as cas.some.setting[0]=value. The index [0] is meant to be
incremented by the adopter to allow for distinct multiple configuration blocks.
The cookie has the following properties:
- It is marked as secure.
- Depending on container support, the cookie would be marked as http-only automatically.
- The cookie value is encrypted and signed via secret keys that need to be generated upon deployment.
If keys are left undefined, on startup CAS will notice that no keys are defined and it will appropriately generate keys for you automatically. Your CAS logs will then show the following snippet:
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WARN [...] - <Secret key for encryption is not defined. CAS will auto-generate the encryption key>
WARN [...] - <Generated encryption key ABC of size ... . The generated key MUST be added to CAS settings.>
WARN [...] - <Secret key for signing is not defined. CAS will auto-generate the signing key>
WARN [...] - <Generated signing key XYZ of size ... . The generated key MUST be added to CAS settings.>
You should then grab each generated key for encryption and signing, and put them inside your CAS properties for each setting. If you wish you manually generate keys, you may use the following tool.
The following settings and properties are available from the CAS configuration catalog:
cas.sso.allow-missing-service-parameter=true
Flag that indicates whether to allow SSO session with a missing target service.
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cas.sso.create-sso-cookie-on-renew-authn=true
Flag that indicates whether to create SSO session on re-newed authentication event.
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cas.sso.proxy-authn-enabled=true
Indicates whether CAS proxy authentication/tickets are supported by this server implementation.
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cas.sso.renew-authn-enabled=true
Indicates whether this server implementation should globally support CAS protocol authentication requests that are tagged with "renew=true".
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cas.sso.required-service-pattern=
A regular expression pattern that represents an application which must have established a session with CAS already before access to other applications can be allowed by CAS. This is the initial mandatory/required application with which the user must start before going anywhere else. Services that establish a session with CAS typically do so by receiving a service ticket from CAS.
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cas.sso.sso-enabled=true
Indicate whether single sign-on should be turned on and supported globally for the server.
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Configuration Metadata
The collection of configuration properties listed in this section are automatically generated from the CAS source and components that contain the actual field definitions, types, descriptions, modules, etc. This metadata may not always be 100% accurate, or could be lacking details and sufficient explanations.
Be Selective
This section is meant as a guide only. Do NOT copy/paste the entire collection of settings into your CAS configuration; rather pick only the properties that you need. Do NOT enable settings unless you are certain of their purpose and do NOT copy settings into your configuration only to keep them as reference. All these ideas lead to upgrade headaches, maintenance nightmares and premature aging.
YAGNI
Note that for nearly ALL use cases, declaring and configuring properties listed here is sufficient. You should NOT have to explicitly massage a CAS XML/Java/etc configuration file to design an authentication handler, create attribute release policies, etc. CAS at runtime will auto-configure all required changes for you. If you are unsure about the meaning of a given CAS setting, do NOT turn it on without hesitation. Review the codebase or better yet, ask questions to clarify the intended behavior.
Naming Convention
Property names can be specified in very relaxed terms. For instance cas.someProperty, cas.some-property, cas.some_property are all valid names. While all
forms are accepted by CAS, there are certain components (in CAS and other frameworks used) whose activation at runtime is conditional on a property value, where
this property is required to have been specified in CAS configuration using kebab case. This is both true for properties that are owned by CAS as well as those
that might be presented to the system via an external library or framework such as Spring Boot, etc.
When possible, properties should be stored in lower-case kebab format, such as cas.property-name=value.
The only possible exception to this rule is when naming actuator endpoints; The name of the
actuator endpoints (i.e. ssoSessions) MUST remain in camelCase mode.
Settings and properties that are controlled by the CAS platform directly always begin with the prefix cas. All other settings are controlled and provided
to CAS via other underlying frameworks and may have their own schemas and syntax. BE CAREFUL with
the distinction. Unrecognized properties are rejected by CAS and/or frameworks upon which CAS depends. This means if you somehow misspell a property definition
or fail to adhere to the dot-notation syntax and such, your setting is entirely refused by CAS and likely the feature it controls will never be activated in the
way you intend.
Validation
Configuration properties are automatically validated on CAS startup to report issues with configuration binding, specially if defined CAS settings cannot be
recognized or validated by the configuration schema. The validation process is on by default and can be skipped on startup using a special system
property SKIP_CONFIG_VALIDATION that should be set to true. Additional validation processes are also handled
via Configuration Metadata and property migrations applied automatically on
startup by Spring Boot and family.
Indexed Settings
CAS settings able to accept multiple values are typically documented with an index, such as cas.some.setting[0]=value. The index [0] is meant to be
incremented by the adopter to allow for distinct multiple configuration blocks.
Authentication Protocol vs. SSO
Remember that the creation of an SSO session is entirely separate and has nothing to do with the authentication protocol used to establish said session. Regardless of the type exchange between the client application and the CAS server, an SSO session will be created, used, maintained and shared between all application types that are integrated with CAS, regardless of their type or requested protocol.
Cookie Generation for Renewed Authentications
By default, forced authentication requests that challenge the user for credentials
either via the renew request parameter
or via the service-specific setting of
the CAS service registry will always generate the ticket-granting cookie
nonetheless. What this means is, logging in to a non-SSO-participating application
via CAS nonetheless creates a valid CAS single sign-on session that will be honored on a
subsequent attempt to authenticate to a SSO-participating application.
The cookie generation strategy can also be customized on a per-application basis. For additional details, please review this guide.
Disable Service SSO Access
Participation in existing single signon sessions can be disabled on a per-application basis. For example, the following service will be challenged to present credentials every time, thereby not using SSO:
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{
"@class" : "org.apereo.cas.services.CasRegisteredService",
"serviceId" : "...",
"name" : "...",
"id" : 1,
"accessStrategy" : {
"@class" : "org.apereo.cas.services.DefaultRegisteredServiceAccessStrategy",
"ssoEnabled" : false
}
}
SSO Participation Policies
The single sign-on participation strategy can also be customized on a per-application basis. For additional details, please review this guide.
SSO Warning Session Cookie
A warning cookie set by CAS upon the establishment of the SSO session at the request of the user on the CAS login page. The cookie is used later to warn and prompt the user before a service ticket is generated and access to the service application is granted.
The following settings and properties are available from the CAS configuration catalog:
cas.warning-cookie.allowed-ip-addresses-pattern=
A regular expression pattern that indicates the set of allowed IP addresses, when
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cas.warning-cookie.auto-configure-cookie-path=true
Decide if cookie paths should be automatically configured based on the application context path, when the cookie path is not configured.
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cas.warning-cookie.comment=CAS Cookie
CAS Cookie comment, describes the cookie's usage and purpose.
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cas.warning-cookie.domain=
Cookie domain. Specifies the domain within which this cookie should be presented. The form of the domain name is specified by RFC 2965. A domain name begins with a dot (.foo.com) and means that the cookie is visible to servers in a specified Domain Name System (DNS) zone (for example, www.foo.com, but not a.b.foo.com). By default, cookies are only returned to the server that sent them.
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cas.warning-cookie.http-only=true
true if this cookie contains the HttpOnly attribute. This means that the cookie should not be accessible to scripting engines, like javascript.
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cas.warning-cookie.max-age=-1
The maximum age of the cookie, specified in seconds. By default,
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cas.warning-cookie.name=
Cookie name. Constructs a cookie with a specified name and value. The name must conform to RFC 2965. That means it can contain only ASCII alphanumeric characters and cannot contain commas, semicolons, or white space or begin with a
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cas.warning-cookie.path=
Cookie path. Specifies a path for the cookie to which the client should return the cookie. The cookie is visible to all the pages in the directory you specify, and all the pages in that directory's subdirectories. A cookie's path must include the servlet that set the cookie, for example, /catalog, which makes the cookie visible to all directories on the server under /catalog. Consult RFC 2965 (available on the Internet) for more information on setting path names for cookies.
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cas.warning-cookie.pin-to-session=true
When generating cookie values, determine whether the value should be compounded and signed with the properties of the current session, such as IP address, user-agent, etc.
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cas.warning-cookie.same-site-policy=
If a cookie is only intended to be accessed in a first party context, the developer has the option to apply one of settings SameSite=None, to designate cookies for cross-site access. When the SameSite=None attribute is present, an additional Secure attribute is used so cross-site cookies can only be accessed over HTTPS connections. Accepted values are:
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cas.warning-cookie.secure=true
True if sending this cookie should be restricted to a secure protocol, or false if the it can be sent using any protocol.
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Configuration Metadata
The collection of configuration properties listed in this section are automatically generated from the CAS source and components that contain the actual field definitions, types, descriptions, modules, etc. This metadata may not always be 100% accurate, or could be lacking details and sufficient explanations.
Be Selective
This section is meant as a guide only. Do NOT copy/paste the entire collection of settings into your CAS configuration; rather pick only the properties that you need. Do NOT enable settings unless you are certain of their purpose and do NOT copy settings into your configuration only to keep them as reference. All these ideas lead to upgrade headaches, maintenance nightmares and premature aging.
YAGNI
Note that for nearly ALL use cases, declaring and configuring properties listed here is sufficient. You should NOT have to explicitly massage a CAS XML/Java/etc configuration file to design an authentication handler, create attribute release policies, etc. CAS at runtime will auto-configure all required changes for you. If you are unsure about the meaning of a given CAS setting, do NOT turn it on without hesitation. Review the codebase or better yet, ask questions to clarify the intended behavior.
Naming Convention
Property names can be specified in very relaxed terms. For instance cas.someProperty, cas.some-property, cas.some_property are all valid names. While all
forms are accepted by CAS, there are certain components (in CAS and other frameworks used) whose activation at runtime is conditional on a property value, where
this property is required to have been specified in CAS configuration using kebab case. This is both true for properties that are owned by CAS as well as those
that might be presented to the system via an external library or framework such as Spring Boot, etc.
When possible, properties should be stored in lower-case kebab format, such as cas.property-name=value.
The only possible exception to this rule is when naming actuator endpoints; The name of the
actuator endpoints (i.e. ssoSessions) MUST remain in camelCase mode.
Settings and properties that are controlled by the CAS platform directly always begin with the prefix cas. All other settings are controlled and provided
to CAS via other underlying frameworks and may have their own schemas and syntax. BE CAREFUL with
the distinction. Unrecognized properties are rejected by CAS and/or frameworks upon which CAS depends. This means if you somehow misspell a property definition
or fail to adhere to the dot-notation syntax and such, your setting is entirely refused by CAS and likely the feature it controls will never be activated in the
way you intend.
Validation
Configuration properties are automatically validated on CAS startup to report issues with configuration binding, specially if defined CAS settings cannot be
recognized or validated by the configuration schema. The validation process is on by default and can be skipped on startup using a special system
property SKIP_CONFIG_VALIDATION that should be set to true. Additional validation processes are also handled
via Configuration Metadata and property migrations applied automatically on
startup by Spring Boot and family.
Indexed Settings
CAS settings able to accept multiple values are typically documented with an index, such as cas.some.setting[0]=value. The index [0] is meant to be
incremented by the adopter to allow for distinct multiple configuration blocks.
Public Workstations
CAS has the ability to allow the user to opt-out of SSO, by indicating on the login page that the authentication is happening at a public workstation. By electing to do so, CAS will not honor the subsequent SSO session and will not generate the TGC that is designed to do so.
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...
<input id="publicWorkstation"
name="publicWorkstation"
value="false" tabindex="4"
type="checkbox" />
<label for="publicWorkstation" th:utext="#{screen.welcome.label.publicstation}"/>
...
Default Service
In the event that no service is submitted to CAS, you may specify a default
service url to which CAS will redirect. Note that this default service, much like
all other services, MUST be authorized and registered with CAS.
The following settings and properties are available from the CAS configuration catalog:
cas.view.default-redirect-url=
The default redirect URL if none is specified after a successful login or logout event. For logout redirects, this setting is closely related to and requires
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Configuration Metadata
The collection of configuration properties listed in this section are automatically generated from the CAS source and components that contain the actual field definitions, types, descriptions, modules, etc. This metadata may not always be 100% accurate, or could be lacking details and sufficient explanations.
Be Selective
This section is meant as a guide only. Do NOT copy/paste the entire collection of settings into your CAS configuration; rather pick only the properties that you need. Do NOT enable settings unless you are certain of their purpose and do NOT copy settings into your configuration only to keep them as reference. All these ideas lead to upgrade headaches, maintenance nightmares and premature aging.
YAGNI
Note that for nearly ALL use cases, declaring and configuring properties listed here is sufficient. You should NOT have to explicitly massage a CAS XML/Java/etc configuration file to design an authentication handler, create attribute release policies, etc. CAS at runtime will auto-configure all required changes for you. If you are unsure about the meaning of a given CAS setting, do NOT turn it on without hesitation. Review the codebase or better yet, ask questions to clarify the intended behavior.
Naming Convention
Property names can be specified in very relaxed terms. For instance cas.someProperty, cas.some-property, cas.some_property are all valid names. While all
forms are accepted by CAS, there are certain components (in CAS and other frameworks used) whose activation at runtime is conditional on a property value, where
this property is required to have been specified in CAS configuration using kebab case. This is both true for properties that are owned by CAS as well as those
that might be presented to the system via an external library or framework such as Spring Boot, etc.
When possible, properties should be stored in lower-case kebab format, such as cas.property-name=value.
The only possible exception to this rule is when naming actuator endpoints; The name of the
actuator endpoints (i.e. ssoSessions) MUST remain in camelCase mode.
Settings and properties that are controlled by the CAS platform directly always begin with the prefix cas. All other settings are controlled and provided
to CAS via other underlying frameworks and may have their own schemas and syntax. BE CAREFUL with
the distinction. Unrecognized properties are rejected by CAS and/or frameworks upon which CAS depends. This means if you somehow misspell a property definition
or fail to adhere to the dot-notation syntax and such, your setting is entirely refused by CAS and likely the feature it controls will never be activated in the
way you intend.
Validation
Configuration properties are automatically validated on CAS startup to report issues with configuration binding, specially if defined CAS settings cannot be
recognized or validated by the configuration schema. The validation process is on by default and can be skipped on startup using a special system
property SKIP_CONFIG_VALIDATION that should be set to true. Additional validation processes are also handled
via Configuration Metadata and property migrations applied automatically on
startup by Spring Boot and family.
Indexed Settings
CAS settings able to accept multiple values are typically documented with an index, such as cas.some.setting[0]=value. The index [0] is meant to be
incremented by the adopter to allow for distinct multiple configuration blocks.
Required Service
CAS may be configured to require the user to authenticate from an application before access can be granted to all other registered services. Once CAS finds a record for the required application as part of the single sign-on session records, it will permit authentication attempts by all other services until the single sign-on session is destroyed.
Such validation checks can be turned off and skipped on a per-application basis:
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{
"@class": "org.apereo.cas.services.CasRegisteredService",
"serviceId": "^https://www.example.com",
"name": "Example",
"id": 1,
"description": "Example",
"properties" : {
"@class" : "java.util.HashMap",
"skipRequiredServiceCheck" : {
"@class" : "org.apereo.cas.services.DefaultRegisteredServiceProperty",
"values" : [ "java.util.HashSet", [ "true" ] ]
}
}
}