FIDO2 WebAuthn Multifactor Authentication - QR Codes

Let users complete WebAuthn on their phone by scanning a QR code shown by CAS on another device, such as a laptop.

CAS can be configured to support FIDO2 WebAuthn authentication using QR codes. Once enabled, this feature allows users to authenticate using a FIDO2-enabled device by scanning a QR code presented by CAS. This authentication flow is mainly useful in scenarios where the primary authentication device (e.g. a laptop) is separate from the device that is used for FIDO2 authentication (e.g. a mobile phone). The flow follows these steps:

  • The user is prompted for their FIDO2-enabled device on their primary authentication device (i.e. laptop).
    • User decides here that FIDO2 authentication on the primary device is impossible or impractical.
  • CAS in parallel presents a QR code on the primary device that is then scanned by the user’s secondary FIDO2-enabled device (i.e. phone).
  • The scanned QR code contains a link that prompts the user to complete the FIDO authentication attempt with CAS.
    • This attempt is handled directly on the user’s secondary device, completely separate from the primary device.
  • Once the user has established a session on the secondary device, the primary authentication device is notified and will resume the flow.

The following settings and properties are available from the CAS configuration catalog:

cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.application-idThe extension input to set for the appid extension when initiating authentication operations.
no default
Required

The extension input to set for the appid extension when initiating authentication operations. If this member is set, starting an assertion op will automatically set the appid extension input, and finish assertion op will adjust its verification logic to also accept this AppID as an alternative to the RP ID. By default, this is not set.

Type
String
Default
none
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.relying-party-idThe id that will be set as the rp parameter when initiating registration operations, and which id hash will be compared against.
no default
Required

The id that will be set as the rp parameter when initiating registration operations, and which id hash will be compared against. This is a required parameter. A successful registration or authentication operation requires rp id hash to exactly equal the SHA-256 hash of this id member. Alternatively, it may instead equal the SHA-256 hash of application id if the latter is present.

Type
String
Default
none
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.relying-party-nameThe human-palatable name of the Relaying Party.
no default
Required

The human-palatable name of the Relaying Party.

Type
String
Default
none
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.trust-source.fido.legal-headerSet legal headers expected in the metadata BLOB.
no default
Required

Set legal headers expected in the metadata BLOB. By using the FIDO Metadata Service, you will be subject to its terms of service. This setting serves two purposes:

To remind you and any adopters/reviewers that you need to read those terms of service before using this feature. To help you detect if the legal header changes, so you can take appropriate action.

If the legal header in the downloaded BLOB does not equal any of the expected headers, an exception will be thrown in the finalizing configuration step.

Note that CAS makes no guarantee that a change to the FIDO Metadata Service terms of service will also cause a change to the legal header in the BLOB.

The current legal header is noted by: #DEFAULT_LEGAL_HEADER which is the following:


"Retrieval and use of this BLOB indicates acceptance of the appropriate agreement located at https://fidoalliance.org/metadata/metadata-legal-terms/".

Type
String
Default
none
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAttestationTrustSourceFidoProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.trust-source.fido.metadata-blob-urlDownload the metadata BLOB from the FIDO website.
https://mds3.fidoalliance.org/
Required

Download the metadata BLOB from the FIDO website. This is the current FIDO Metadata Service BLOB download URL.

Type
String
Default
https://mds3.fidoalliance.org/
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAttestationTrustSourceFidoProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.trust-source.fido.trust-root-hashCertificate SHA-256 hash required for PKI to verify the downloaded certificate.
cbb522d7b7f127ad6a0113865bdf1cd4102e7d0759af635a7cf4720dc963c53b
Required

Certificate SHA-256 hash required for PKI to verify the downloaded certificate. Separate hash values with a comma.

Type
String
Default
cbb522d7b7f127ad6a0113865bdf1cd4102e7d0759af635a7cf4720dc963c53b
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAttestationTrustSourceFidoProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.trust-source.fido.trust-root-urlCertificate required for PKI to verify the downloaded blob.
https://secure.globalsign.com/cacert/root-r3.crt
Required

Certificate required for PKI to verify the downloaded blob. This is the current FIDO Metadata Service trust root certificate. If the cert is downloaded, it is also written to the cache File. The certificate will be downloaded if it does not exist in the cache, or if the cached certificate is not currently valid.

Type
String
Default
https://secure.globalsign.com/cacert/root-r3.crt
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAttestationTrustSourceFidoProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.trust-source.trusted-device-metadata.locationThe location of the resource.
no default
Required

The location of the resource. Resources can be URLs, or files found either on the classpath or outside somewhere in the file system.

In the event the configured resource is a Groovy script, especially if the script is set to reload on changes, you may need to adjust the total number of inotify instances. On Linux, you may need to add the following line to /etc/sysctl.conf: fs.inotify.max_user_instances = 256.

You can check the current value via cat /proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_instances.

In situations and scenarios where CAS is able to automatically watch the underlying resource for changes and detect updates and modifications dynamically, you may be able to specify the following setting as either an environment variable or system property with a value of false to disable the resource watcher: org.apereo.cas.util.io.PathWatcherService.

Type
Resource
Default
none
Defined by
SpringResourceProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.allow-primary-authenticationConfigure the authentication flow to allow web-authn to be used as the first primary factor for authentication.
false

Configure the authentication flow to allow web-authn to be used as the first primary factor for authentication. Registered accounts with a valid webauthn registration record can choose to login using their device as the first step.

Type
Boolean
Default
false
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.allow-untrusted-attestationIf false finish registration op will only allow registrations where the attestation signature can be linked to a trusted attestation root.
false

If false finish registration op will only allow registrations where the attestation signature can be linked to a trusted attestation root. This excludes self attestation and none attestation. Regardless of the value of this option, invalid attestation statements of supported formats will always be rejected. For example, a "packed" attestation statement with an invalid signature will be rejected even if this option is set to true.

Type
Boolean
Default
false
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.allowed-originsThe allowed origins that returned authenticator responses will be compared against.
no default

The allowed origins that returned authenticator responses will be compared against. The default is set to the server name. A successful registration or authentication operation requires origins to exactly equal one of these values.

Type
String
Default
none
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.attestation-conveyance-preferenceAccepted values are: DIRECT , INDIRECT , NONE .
DIRECT

Accepted values are: DIRECT, INDIRECT, NONE. The argument for the attestation parameter in registration operations. Unless your application has a concrete policy for authenticator attestation, it is recommended to leave this parameter undefined.

Type
String
Default
DIRECT
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.authenticator-attachmentSpecifies the desired authenticator attachment modality during credential registration.
no default

Specifies the desired authenticator attachment modality during credential registration.

This is used by the WebAuthn client/browser to select which type of authenticator may be used to create the credential.

  • PLATFORM: an authenticator built into, or tightly bound to, the user's device, such as Touch ID, Windows Hello, Android/iOS passkeys.
  • CROSS_PLATFORM: an external/roaming authenticator usable across multiple devices, such as a USB, NFC, or BLE security key like a YubiKey.

If unset, the client may use any available authenticator.

Type
String
Default
none
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.display-name-attributeName of the principal attribute that indicates the principal's display name, primarily used for device registration.
displayName

Name of the principal attribute that indicates the principal's display name, primarily used for device registration.

Type
String
Default
displayName
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.enabledWhether WebAuthn functionality should be activated and enabled.
true

Whether WebAuthn functionality should be activated and enabled.

Type
Boolean
Default
true
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.expire-devicesExpire and forget device registration records after this period.
30

Expire and forget device registration records after this period.

Type
Long
Default
30
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.expire-devices-time-unitDevice registration record expiration time unit.
days

Device registration record expiration time unit.

Type
TimeUnit
Default
days
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.hintsUser-agent hints, in descending order of preference, sent with registration and authentication requests to guide the browser towards the kind of authenticator to offer first.
no default

User-agent hints, in descending order of preference, sent with registration and authentication requests to guide the browser towards the kind of authenticator to offer first.

Hints do not restrict which authenticator may be used, and where they conflict with the authenticator attachment, browsers that support them follow the hints.

  • security-key: a physical security key, such as a USB or NFC key.
  • client-device: an authenticator on the device in use, such as the platform passkey manager.
  • hybrid: a phone or other general-purpose device, usually reached by scanning a QR code.

If unset, no hints are sent.

Type
List<String>
Default
none
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.multiple-device-registration-enabledWhen enabled, allows the user/system to accept multiple accounts and device registrations per user, allowing one to switch between or register new devices/accounts automatically.
false

When enabled, allows the user/system to accept multiple accounts and device registrations per user, allowing one to switch between or register new devices/accounts automatically.

Type
Boolean
Default
false
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.passkey-enroll-urlURL of the page where a user creates a passkey for the account, published as enroll in the passkey endpoints document at /.well-known/passkey-endpoints , so that password managers can send users straight to it.
no default

URL of the page where a user creates a passkey for the account, published as enroll in the passkey endpoints document at /.well-known/passkey-endpoints, so that password managers can send users straight to it. If unset and account management is enabled, the multifactor devices panel of the account profile is used; otherwise no enrollment page is published.

Type
String
Default
none
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.passkey-manage-urlURL of the page where a user manages the account's passkeys, published as manage in the passkey endpoints document at /.well-known/passkey-endpoints .
no default

URL of the page where a user manages the account's passkeys, published as manage in the passkey endpoints document at /.well-known/passkey-endpoints. If unset and account management is enabled, the multifactor devices panel of the account profile is used; otherwise no management page is published.

Type
String
Default
none
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.passkey-upgrade-enabledOffer a passkey right after a password login: CAS shows a short page that asks the browser's password manager to create a passkey for the account on its own (WebAuthn conditional create), then continues as usual.
false

Offer a passkey right after a password login: CAS shows a short page that asks the browser's password manager to create a passkey for the account on its own (WebAuthn conditional create), then continues as usual. Browsers and password managers that do not support it continue immediately.

Takes effect only when allow-primary-authentication and allow-untrusted-attestation are also enabled, since such passkeys come without attestation and are meant for passkey login; otherwise this setting is ignored.

Type
Boolean
Default
false
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.qr-code-authentication-enabledWhen enabled, allows the user to a scan a QR code on an external device and authenticate later on the primary device.
false

When enabled, allows the user to a scan a QR code on an external device and authenticate later on the primary device. This is useful in scenarios where the primary authentication device is not registered with CAS and the user has a secondary device that is registered and does not wish to use the primary device to authenticate for security or other practical reasons.

Type
Boolean
Default
false
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.trust-source.fido.blob-cache-fileCache metadata BLOB in the file cache file.
no default

Cache metadata BLOB in the file cache file. If cache file exists, is a normal file, is readable, and is not out of date, then it will be used as the FIDO Metadata Service BLOB.

Otherwise, the metadata BLOB will be downloaded and written to this file.

Type
File
Default
none
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAttestationTrustSourceFidoProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.trust-source.fido.trust-root-cache-fileCache the trust root certificate in the file cache file.
no default

Cache the trust root certificate in the file cache file. If cache file exists, is a normal file, is readable, matches one of the SHA-256 hashes configured in and contains a currently valid X.509 certificate, then it will be used as the trust root for the FIDO Metadata Service blob.

Otherwise, the trust root certificate will be downloaded and written to this file.

Type
File
Default
none
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAttestationTrustSourceFidoProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.trusted-device-enabledIndicates whether this provider should support trusted devices.
false

Indicates whether this provider should support trusted devices.

Type
Boolean
Default
false
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.user-verification-requirementSpecifies the relying party's requirement for user verification during credential registration and/or authentication.
no default

Specifies the relying party's requirement for user verification during credential registration and/or authentication.

User verification means the authenticator verifies the user locally, for example with a PIN, fingerprint, face recognition, or device unlock. This is stronger than simple user presence, such as touching a security key.

  • REQUIRED: user verification must be performed; the operation should fail if it is unavailable or not completed.
  • PREFERRED: user verification should be performed if possible, but the operation may still succeed without it.
  • DISCOURAGED: user verification is not requested, typically to reduce friction or avoid prompting for PIN/biometric verification.

The server should validate the resulting authenticator data flags according to the configured requirement.

Type
String
Default
none
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties
cas.authn.mfa.web-authn.core.validate-signature-counterIf true, finish assertion op will fail if the signature counter value in the response is not strictly greater than the stored signature counter value.
true

If true, finish assertion op will fail if the signature counter value in the response is not strictly greater than the stored signature counter value.

Type
Boolean
Default
true
Defined by
WebAuthnMultifactorAuthenticationCoreProperties

Required settings may be needed to activate or affect the feature; review them even when they have a default. Optional settings only need to be set to change a default or to turn on the behavior they control. Third party settings belong to libraries such as Spring Boot that CAS builds on; their own documentation may have more detail.

Notes on configuration

Configuration Metadata

The collection of configuration properties listed in this section are automatically generated from the CAS source and components that contain the actual field definitions, types, descriptions, modules, etc. This metadata may not always be 100% accurate, or could be lacking details and sufficient explanations.

Be Selective

This section is meant as a guide only. Do NOT copy/paste the entire collection of settings into your CAS configuration; rather pick only the properties that you need. Do NOT enable settings unless you are certain of their purpose and do NOT copy settings into your configuration only to keep them as reference. All these ideas lead to upgrade headaches, maintenance nightmares and premature aging.

YAGNI

Note that for nearly ALL use cases, declaring and configuring properties listed here is sufficient. You should NOT have to explicitly massage a CAS XML/Java/etc configuration file to design an authentication handler, create attribute release policies, etc. CAS at runtime will auto-configure all required changes for you. If you are unsure about the meaning of a given CAS setting, do NOT turn it on without hesitation. Review the codebase or better yet, ask questions to clarify the intended behavior.

Naming Convention

Property names can be specified in very relaxed terms. For instance cas.someProperty, cas.some-property, cas.some_property are all valid names. While all forms are accepted by CAS, there are certain components (in CAS and other frameworks used) whose activation at runtime is conditional on a property value, where this property is required to have been specified in CAS configuration using kebab case. This is both true for properties that are owned by CAS as well as those that might be presented to the system via an external library or framework such as Spring Boot, etc.

:information_source: Note

When possible, properties should be stored in lower-case kebab format, such as cas.property-name=value. The only possible exception to this rule is when naming actuator endpoints; The name of the actuator endpoints (i.e. ssoSessions) MUST remain in camelCase mode.

Settings and properties that are controlled by the CAS platform directly always begin with the prefix cas. All other settings are controlled and provided to CAS via other underlying frameworks and may have their own schemas and syntax. BE CAREFUL with the distinction. Unrecognized properties are rejected by CAS and/or frameworks upon which CAS depends. This means if you somehow misspell a property definition or fail to adhere to the dot-notation syntax and such, your setting is entirely refused by CAS and likely the feature it controls will never be activated in the way you intend.

Validation

Configuration properties are automatically validated on CAS startup to report issues with configuration binding, especially if defined CAS settings cannot be recognized or validated by the configuration schema. Additional validation processes are also handled via Configuration Metadata and property migrations applied automatically on startup by Spring Boot and family.

Indexed Settings

CAS settings able to accept multiple values are typically documented with an index, such as cas.some.setting[0]=value. The index [0] is meant to be incremented by the adopter to allow for distinct multiple configuration blocks.